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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water–Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level–Fiberglass Glass Fibre Cross Arm] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.[Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway–Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.[Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),720p WiFi Wireless Smart Home Security Two Way Audio HD Night Vision Baby Monitor Support TF Card Onvif IP Camera,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.[Commercial Evaporator,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder–Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag]Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.[Dedi LED Mirror Lighting Factory Modern Style Waterproof Wall Mounted Round Bath Mirror with Touch Sensor Swith,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press] However,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating-AM has not been reported.
Here,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container-Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.
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2.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask
Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(MakerBot IndustriesPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, with the extruder moving from left to right (Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet).500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Aluminium Blind Rivets(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. The schematic shown inPlastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.
OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding. (a)Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie. (b)Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.[gjmach-chn.com]Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane, a small slit or pre-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine. Finally,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid(first tab)Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, cross-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen DoorVex.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Controlshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.FRP Profile Made in China(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality and Inexpensive External Thread Lathe Turning Tools with CNC Indexable Insert Threading. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.[ High Quality (DU650)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain).75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale,σT,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGood Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(see Section 2.3).[Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes-parallel to the print.
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Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261),Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Cross-Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.3, and are displayed inWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inpetri dish 50mm. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building, which all had significantly smaller,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine SupplierTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUsed Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. AsTexincreases,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder, leading to a stronger weld.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware PartsVexas shown inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. The influence ofTexandVexRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.
Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWaterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feedwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables-AM.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.
Acknowledgments
Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
