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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Cable Protection Conduit, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–Energy Saving SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor 20W 30W 50W 100W LED Solar Street Light] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Automatic Panel Furniture Production Cnc Machine,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.[Double Side Pet Grooming Comb for Cat,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB–8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting]Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.[Buy Office 2016 Manufacturers Cheap Price,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone] However,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag-Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.
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Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, with the extruder moving from left to right (Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500).Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). The schematic shown inFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.[Black Pvc Rigger Safety Boots High Quality Supplier]Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, a small slit or pre-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material. Finally,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale(first tab)Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, cross-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dBVex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMedical Equipment LED Operating Shadowless Lamp (HLED-M7/5). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass,σT,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDouble Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGBwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad-AM.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.
Acknowledgments
Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
