1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel TubeDouble Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould–Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc–1 Oz Liquid Bottle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.[Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06–18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.[OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production,ABS Shell EPS Foam Skate Scooter and Bike Helmet,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier(Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.[Peru Flag,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe–Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes]Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.[Straight Dried Instant Chinese Flavor Egg Noodle,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag] However,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II-AM has not been reported.
Here,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign-Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.
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2.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House
6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(MakerBot IndustriesCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container).Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine. The schematic shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.
Aluminium Blind Rivets. (a)Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). (b)Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.[New Design Amusement Park Medium Size Rotary Sliding Plane Kiddie Rides]New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head, a small slit or pre-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. Finally,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane(first tab)Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, cross-Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder MachineVex.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandalshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSd Card. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inM3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler).Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box,σT,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(see Section 2.3).[Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.FRP Profile Made in China.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration-parallel to the print.
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H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. Cross-High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.3, and are displayed inHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDigital Microscope For Electronics. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment, which all had significantly smaller,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure BuildingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. AsTexincreases,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm, leading to a stronger weld.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half RackVexas shown inFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. The influence ofTexandVexRotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.
9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine SupplierσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Productswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts/or extrusion.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136( Printed)).Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates, respectively,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
4 Conclusions
Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate-AM.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.
Acknowledgments
Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
