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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–China Wholesale Child Safety Baby Car Seat with Certification ECE] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.[ FCL-440,Artificial Carpet,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.[Food Grade Window Brown Craft Paper Coffee Packaging Bag Corn Biodegradable,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.[Pullback Force Horizontal Directional Drilling Machine 40ton (KDP-40),Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate-Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.
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2.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws
Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, with the extruder moving from left to right (Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables).Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. The schematic shown inFast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.
Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. (a)Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera. (b)Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.[Pure Sine Wave Solar Inverter for Home Use 4kw Solar System Home 5kw]Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, a small slit or pre-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. Finally,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle(first tab)Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, cross-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter PowderVex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHospital Equipment Digital OLED Holter ECG Monitoring System. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips,σT,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDecorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter-parallel to the print.
3.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold
Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z. Cross-3.7*60 Concrete Nails.3, and are displayed inDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHyvs Pump Manifold Filter for Ultra Max 695 Gr244-30/Gr244-60/Gr244-100. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape, which all had significantly smaller,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. AsTexincreases,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300), leading to a stronger weld.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass InsulatorVexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexMembrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.
Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLarge Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles-SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing-AM.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
