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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water–Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level–Yq41 Series 100 Ton C Type Single Arm Type Correction Press Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.[Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway–Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.[Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),China Non-Woven Bag High Quality Supplier,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.[Custom Brake Disc Rotor Brake Drum Wheel Hub Custom CNC High Precision Rotor Hub,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder–Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag]5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.[Shoes,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press] However,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function-IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.
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CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts(MakerBot IndustriesPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor, with the extruder moving from left to right (Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine).Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. The schematic shown inFast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.
PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. (a)High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.. (b)TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)LED Module 25W 3000K, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.[Auto Spare Parts Brake Rotor Pads Brake Disc with Ts16949]Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, a small slit or pre-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent. Finally,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain(first tab)25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce, cross-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for HensVex.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Controlshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWomen Army Cap. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.[ High Quality (DU650)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain).Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine,σT,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arEmcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(see Section 2.3).[Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-parallel to the print.
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165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock. Cross-Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.3, and are displayed inWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in5-stage Pure Water Filter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGSTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUsed Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. AsTexincreases,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use, leading to a stronger weld.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank ProtectVexas shown inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. The influence ofTexandVexDigital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feedwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Spacer CNC Machining Parts-Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies/or extrusion.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)(Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V))).AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine, respectively,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.
4 Conclusions
Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag-AM.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.
Acknowledgments
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
