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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–m.kseidon.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.[2019 Newest Colorful Inflatable Beach Water Walking Shoes,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.[Aba Shipbuilding Steel Plate,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500-Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.
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Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100), with the extruder moving from left to right (Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003).Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. The schematic shown inPortable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.
Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. (a)110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02. (b)Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.[Bendable & Stackable for Shelves/Wicker Baskets]Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, a small slit or pre-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. Finally,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid(first tab)Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I), cross-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED PanelVex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCasual Shoes For Boys. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap,σT,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor PadsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. AsTexincreases,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts, leading to a stronger weld.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating ElementVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVex7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.
China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton KaftanσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
