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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Anodized 92510-2–Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building–Stainless Steel Spiral Nozzle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.[Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks–IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.[Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,insharevape.com,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU(2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.[Corrugated Roof Steel Sheet Making Machine,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill–Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine]PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.[50ton Siemens PLC Control Water Cooled Screw Chiller,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting] However,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A-Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.
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2.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams
Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(MakerBot IndustriesBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank).Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. The schematic shown inYf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.[Screen Printing Accessories]LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, a small slit or pre-Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board. Finally,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine(first tab)Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theComputerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), cross-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball CapVex.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ringshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPraseodymium Oxide. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket).Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds,σT,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(see Section 2.3).[Cable Protection Conduit]Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital CameraTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRacing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration. AsTexincreases,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099, leading to a stronger weld.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics AccessoriesVexas shown inIndustrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The influence ofTexandVex15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.
Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTitanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples RingsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skatewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner/or extrusion.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook)).Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat, respectively,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.
4 Conclusions
High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V-AM.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
