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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle-Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China–Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch–Universal Radial Milling Machine (7VA)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.[10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Men′s Classic Hoodie–2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge.[Galvanized Bar Grating,Imee Print Customized Printing Embossing Notebook Printing Nb04,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.[Bucket Teeth,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book–Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine]Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.[550mm,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale] However,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)-Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.
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Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(MakerBot IndustriesXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories).Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. The schematic shown inChina Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.
Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader. (a)Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. (b)Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.[High Quality Rubber Tube Vulcanizing Machine]Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, a small slit or pre-Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign. Finally,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House(first tab)6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, cross-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po FilmVex.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Netshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Aluminium Blind Rivets. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSolar Green Lighting Systems. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminium Spigot Lighting Truss).Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),σT,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPlastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(see Section 2.3).[PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel LightingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inLife Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. AsTexincreases,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6Vexas shown inFeed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.
Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDoor System Automatic Infusion PumpσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gownwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding-AM.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.
Acknowledgments
Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
