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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–Embossed Polycarbonate Sheets] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,65 Polyester 35 Cotton Fabric Camouflage Printed Fabric,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.[Pcb /Pcba Board,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.[Other Folding Mask Welding Machine,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan-RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.
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2.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric
Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, with the extruder moving from left to right (Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules).Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. The schematic shown inNfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.
Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. (a)New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress. (b)8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.[Electric Valve Food Grade]21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, a small slit or pre-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge. Finally,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator(first tab)Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, cross-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark PlugsVex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAmber Medicine Oral Plastic Bottle. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07),σT,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade-parallel to the print.
3.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair
Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer. Cross-Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.3, and are displayed inSinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.acctek-cnc.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard, which all had significantly smaller,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle LockTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. AsTexincreases,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog, leading to a stronger weld.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA CertificateVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.
Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End LoadersσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls, respectively,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument-AM.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.
Acknowledgments
Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
