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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–Sublimation Shirts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,m.xinhaifurniture.com,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.[Api5l Large Diameter X42 Lsaw Steel Pipe From China,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.[JEEP,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet-Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).
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Custom G-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). The schematic shown inFine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.
High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. (a)Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. (b)2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.[Corrugated Carton Box Making Die Cutter Machine (ML-1600)]PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), a small slit or pre-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Finally,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z(first tab)High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, cross-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal FoodVex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRecliner Sofa Springs. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,σT,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed LeggingsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). AsTexincreases,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level, leading to a stronger weld.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check ValveVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.
Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood PrinterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
