Logo of nistpaNIST's Public Access PlanNIST WebsiteHow to Use PMC
Addit Manuf.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390

High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding CyclingDigital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler

Associated Data

Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt

Abstract

Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for RoomRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining ServiceSublimation Shirts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot SalesHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,m.xinhaifurniture.com,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.[Api5l Large Diameter X42 Lsaw Steel Pipe From China,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing MachinePromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.[JEEP,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-AM has not been reported.

Here,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet-Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).

Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag

2.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate

4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, with the extruder moving from left to right (Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). The schematic shown inFine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. (a)Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. (b)2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.[Corrugated Carton Box Making Die Cutter Machine (ML-1600)]PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), a small slit or pre-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Finally,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z(first tab)High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, cross-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal FoodVex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRecliner Sofa Springs. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,σT,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)-parallel to the print.

3.Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046

LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming. Cross-Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.3, and are displayed in165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAlloy Seamless Steel Pipe. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board, which all had significantly smaller,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed LeggingsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). AsTexincreases,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level, leading to a stronger weld.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check ValveVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood PrinterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou/or extrusion.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine)).UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes, respectively,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.

4 Conclusions

Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V),Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline-AM.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.

Acknowledgments

Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

References

1.Stratasys, Stratasys Chosen by Airbus to Produce 3D Printed Parts for A350 XWB, Press Release. [accessed October 14, 2016];201570L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4
2.Wohlers T, Caffrey T. Wohlers Report 2015: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry Annual Worldwide Progress Report.2014[Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826]
3.Bourell DL. Perspectives on Additive Manufacturing.Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.2016;46:1–18. doi: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-031606.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam][Carbon Steel Seamless 1/2′′-48′′ ERW Pipe]
4.Campbell I, Bourell D, Gibson I. Editorial Additive manufacturing : rapid prototyping comes of age.Emerald.2012;18:255–258. doi: 10.1108/13552541211231563.[Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)][Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]
5.Ahn S, Montero M, Odell D, Roundy S, Wright PK. Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS.Rapid Prototyp. J.2002;8:248–257. doi: 10.1108/13552540210441166.[Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)][SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil]
6.Forster AM. Materials Testing Standards for Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Materials.Nist.Ir.8059.2015doi:Ladies Handbag Hand Bags High Quality Replica Handbag Black and White Hot Sell Shoulder Lady Bag Simple Women Bag Women Bag Lady Handbag (WDL0115).
7.Coogan TJ, Kazmer DO. Bond and part strength in fused deposition modeling.Rapid Prototyp. J.2017;23doi: 10.1108/RPJ-03-2016-0050.[High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer][Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]
8.Wohlers T. Wohlers Report 2014. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry. 978-0-9913332-0-22014doi:[ Trailer Wheel]
9.Newswire PR. 3D Printing Materials 2015–2025: Status, Opportunities.Market Forecasts.2015Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.
10.3D Printing Market Watch - Q4 2015. [accessed January 1, 2016];Aniwaa Beta.2015Ethyl Alcohol 90%
11.Bellini A, Güçeri S. Mechanical characterization of parts fabricated using fused deposition modeling.Rapid Prototyp. J.2003;9:252–264. doi: 10.1108/13552540310489631.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine][Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
12.Hill N, Haghi M.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera-dependent failure criteria for fused deposition modeling polycarbonate.Rapid Prototyp. J.2014;20:221–227. doi: 10.1108/RPJ-04-2013-0039.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W][Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor]
13.Spackman CC, Frank CR, Picha KC, Samuel J. 3D printing of fiber-reinforced soft composites: Process study and material characterization.J. Manuf. Process.2015;23:296–305. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.04.006.[Female Male Waterproof 2 Pin Plug Connector][150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler]
14.Torrado AR, Shemelya CM, English JD, Lin Y, Wicker RB, Roberson DA. Characterizing the effect of additives to ABS on the mechanical property anisotropy of specimens fabricated by material extrusion 3D printing.Addit. Manuf.2015;6:16–29. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2015.02.001.[9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight][Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park]
15.Dawoud M, Taha I, Ebeid SJ. Mechanical behaviour of ABS: An experimental study using FDM and injection moulding techniques.J. Manuf. Process.2016;21:39–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.11.002.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality][Food Safe Metal Tins]
16.Fodran E, Koch M, Menon U. Mechanical and dimensional characteristics of fused deposition modeling build styles.Solid Free. Fabr. Proceedings, Sept. 1996.1996 Aug;:419–442.[Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]
17.Torrado AR, Roberson DA. Failure Analysis and Anisotropy Evaluation of 3D-Printed Tensile Test Specimens of Different Geometries and Print Raster Patterns.J. Fail. Anal. Prev.2016;16:154–164. doi: 10.1007/s11668-016-0067-4.[Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat][Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V]
18.Hillborg H, Tomczak N, Olàh A, Schönherr H, Vancso GJ, Ola A, Scho H, Vancso GJ. Nanoscale Hydrophobic Recovery : A Chemical Force Microscopy Study of UV / Ozone-Treated Cross-Linked Poly (dimethylsiloxane)Symp. A Q. J. Mod. Foreign Lit.2004;20:785–794.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. [Modern Design 30W LED Track Spot Lighting][Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]
19.Torrado Perez AR, Roberson DA, Wicker RB. Fracture surface analysis of 3D-printed tensile specimens of novel ABS-based materials.J. Fail. Anal. Prev.2014;14:343–353. doi: 10.1007/s11668-014-9803-9.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets][Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry]
20.Ziemian C, Sharma M, Ziemian S. Anisotropic mechanical properties of ABS parts fabricated by fused deposition modelling.Mech. Eng.2012:159–180. doi: 10.5772/34233.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price][Diesel]
21.GitHub, Inc. [accessed October 20, 2016];2015Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)
22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil][Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows][2019 Prepainted Gi / PPGI / PPGL Color Coated Galvalume Galvanized Steel Roof Sheet]