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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display-Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–Price Casing Pipe Drilling] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.[ FCL-440,Disposable Blood Pressure Sensor High Quality Supplier,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.[www.gaofeng-petro.com,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.[Commercial Ice Flake Maker Manufacturers Cheap Price,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved-Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.
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2.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)
Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit).75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. The schematic shown inFlexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.
Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. (a)High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780. (b)PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..[Plain Dyed Casual Garment Fabric]TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store, a small slit or pre-LED Module 25W 3000K. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head. Finally,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp(first tab)Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain, cross-25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300mlVex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminium Mosquito Net Window Anti Insect Wire Mesh. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men,σT,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry ManagementTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. AsTexincreases,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment, leading to a stronger weld.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage TeeVexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexBom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.
Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSmall Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily UseσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality-AM.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.
Acknowledgments
Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
