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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)–Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents–White Colour Spray Painting Curtain Metal Hook] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.[Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306–Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.[Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,1-18L Multi-Layer Enig Gold Finger PCB Circuit Board,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.[Woman Swimwear Girls Bathing Swimsuit,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900–China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding]Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.[12VDC Tl-4078 Micro Miniature Low Power Relay,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms] However,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine-1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.
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Custom G-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)]Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. The schematic shown inPackaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Needle for Crochet Machine.[0.75kw Variable Frequency Inverter]Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, a small slit or pre-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. Finally,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine(first tab)1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEasy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFull Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, cross-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding MachieryVex.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tubeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWater Jet Cutting Machine Spare Parts Waterjet 3/8 High Pressure Pipe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane).Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap,σT,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(see Section 2.3).[Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures MixerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. AsTexincreases,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag, leading to a stronger weld.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball ValveVexas shown inPrecision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. The influence ofTexandVexQuick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.
Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training ChairσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
