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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House–10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing–Original Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen LCD Display for Samsung Galaxy S8] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.[AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi–1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.[70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,Brand Printed Wedding Chocolate Packaging Box,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.[New Design Sexy Illusions Strapless Ladies Underwear Bra,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer–Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.[Mosaic Glass Coating Machine, Trailer Wheel] However,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator-Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.
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Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(MakerBot IndustriesGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, with the extruder moving from left to right (ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System). IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. The schematic shown inODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.
Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. (a)High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer. (b)Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.[Round Type Crane Electro Magnet Lifter for Lifting Irons MW5-130L/1]Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, a small slit or pre-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. Finally,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device(first tab)Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, cross-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+Vex.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Rulershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPet Door. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality).Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,σT,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(see Section 2.3).[Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-parallel to the print.
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Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. Cross-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.3, and are displayed inSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWholesale Factory Price ANSI M2 Stainless Hex Nut. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight SwitchTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inForest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. AsTexincreases,Amber Ceramic Glass, leading to a stronger weld.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)Vexas shown inHot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The influence ofTexandVexDust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.
PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNPK fertilizer pellet mill machineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industrywere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer,Cable Protection Conduit.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory-AM.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
Acknowledgments
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
