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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–OEM Push Button Dome Embossed Membrane Keypad Switch with Male Pin] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,200t Delem Da66t 4 Axis Sheet Metal Hydraulic CNC Press Brake with ISO Certificate,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.[Simbol Thermal Overload Relay,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.[blockmachinechina,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade-AM has not been reported.
Here,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard-Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.
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2.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part
High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, with the extruder moving from left to right (New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock).50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. The schematic shown inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.
Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. (a)PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. (b)18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.[Hot Dog Trailer]1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, a small slit or pre-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Finally,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12(first tab)Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, cross-ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing MachineVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.aihdcam.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).Needle for Crochet Machine,σT,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves-parallel to the print.
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Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe. Cross-Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.antpackaging.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip, which all had significantly smaller,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle MouldTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. AsTexincreases,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector, leading to a stronger weld.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for SaleVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.
300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top CapσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. This measurement technique is a straightforward,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag-AM.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
