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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–Dial 63mm Probe Type Instant Read Bimetal BBQ Meat Cooking Thermometer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Hand Held Transplanter High Quality Supplier,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.[Led Strip Dmx,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB–8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting]Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.[Black Plastic Film Faced Plywood,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone] However,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera-AM has not been reported.
Here,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames-Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.
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2. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs
Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness).The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. (a)Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. (b)Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.[Hotel Pendant Light]China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, a small slit or pre-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness. Finally,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing(first tab)Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, cross-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface TreatmentVex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in220v Led Pilot Light. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,σT,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDiesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Amber Ceramic Glass.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement PlantTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. AsTexincreases,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy PadVexas shown inTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.
Cable Protection Conduit,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPsa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser CuttingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGBwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer/or extrusion.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75)).Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWomen High Waist Belly Control Pants, respectively,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.
4 Conclusions
0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material-AM.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.
Acknowledgments
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
