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Addit Manuf.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Ladder Trolley With Wheels

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Abstract

Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment–Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules–Hydraulic Ceramic Wastewater Filter Press] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.[Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085–E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),Bottle Holder Beer Cooler Bottle Cooler,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.[High Efficiency Powder Vibrating Screening Machine,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process–Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter]Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.[IP67 High-Ending Industrial Socket / Connector, Coating (A8011] However,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)-AM has not been reported.

Here,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration-Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.

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2.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black

Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(MakerBot IndustriesPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer).Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. The schematic shown inE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

M3/M6/M10/M15/M30  Harbin Alloy  Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger  for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. (a)Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh. (b)Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.[Glass Door Connector]Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, a small slit or pre-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit. Finally,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger(first tab)Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLong Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, cross-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONUVex.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagersshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPermanent Ndfeb Magnet. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInfitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth).FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank,σT,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(see Section 2.3).[FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2-parallel to the print.

3.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture

EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers. Cross-Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.3, and are displayed inGbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPlastic Clear Frosted PVC Transparent Name Card. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet, which all had significantly smaller,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer. AsTexincreases,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New, leading to a stronger weld.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi TrailerVexas shown inSodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. The influence ofTexandVex99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMatt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for LashesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Maskwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor/or extrusion.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(Spacer CNC Machining Parts)).Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery, respectively,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.

4 Conclusions

Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator-AM.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).

Acknowledgments

for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump][ RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor][CAS 120-23-0 Beta-Naphthoxyacetic Acid Bnoa Plant Hormone]