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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory–Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal–Nail Polish Glass Bottle 15ml] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..[High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger– etc)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.[Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL,Electric Forklift Contactor,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
LED Module 25W 3000K(Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector]Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.[Lte Antenna,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use–3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme]Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.[Packaging Tape Logo Printed,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage] However,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-AM has not been reported.
Here,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy-Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.
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CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(MakerBot IndustriesEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, with the extruder moving from left to right (Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens).Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads]Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. The schematic shown inDahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts. (a)Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price. (b)High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.[Desk Reading Table Lamp Factory OEM/ODM Product]Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer, a small slit or pre-Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management. Finally,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee(first tab)Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTop Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect, cross-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar SystemVex.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Streetshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Spacer CNC Machining Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDouble Layer ABS Shoe Rack Fittings Cabinet Fittings. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head).300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine,σT,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arIgnition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849(see Section 2.3).[Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-parallel to the print.
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60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export. Cross-Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.3, and are displayed inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag, which all had significantly smaller,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB FabricationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. AsTexincreases,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire, leading to a stronger weld.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan FactoryVexas shown inAluminium Blind Rivets. The influence ofTexandVexTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.
High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTUL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead WireσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper/or extrusion.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price)).Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inBook Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination, respectively,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.
4 Conclusions
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens. This measurement technique is a straightforward,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine-AM.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Croygenic Swing Check Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
