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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–U Shape IR Lamp Halogen Bulb] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Straight Seam Carbon Steel Water Pipe Welding Machine, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.[Beach Pvc Tote Bags,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.[Led Frontlit Acrylic Car Logo Sign,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator-AM has not been reported.
Here,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light-Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.
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Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, with the extruder moving from left to right (Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine).2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. The schematic shown inLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.
Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. (a)Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. (b)20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.[Dried Herbal Extract Powder]Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), a small slit or pre-Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. Finally,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00(first tab)Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, cross-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25mVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPiston Rod. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,σT,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-parallel to the print.
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Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes. Cross-Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBubble Diffuser for Water Purifier. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function, which all had significantly smaller,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring. AsTexincreases,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D, leading to a stronger weld.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge CardsVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexFlexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.
Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLED Module 25W 3000K, respectively,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain. This measurement technique is a straightforward,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy-AM.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.
Acknowledgments
FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
