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Addit Manuf.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Thidiazuron 50% Wp Plant Growth Regulator Hormone

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Associated Data

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Abstract

Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB–High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H–Lift Slide Car Garage Parking] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.[Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape–Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.[Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer,UL Certificated EMT Tube Hot DIP Galvanized Tube,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.[Custom Printed Canvas Cosmetic Bag, Teflon Tube,Lotion Pump,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock–Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing]Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.[E26 E27 Wireless Remote Control RGB Color LED Bulb Light Lamp,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool] However,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port-AM has not been reported.

Here,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt-OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.

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2.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display

Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m(MakerBot IndustriesSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels).Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts. The schematic shown inASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator. (a)50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved. (b)Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.[Vertical Rocker Turret Milling Machine]IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, a small slit or pre-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. Finally,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring(first tab)YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case, cross-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780Vex.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socketshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.LED Module 25W 3000K(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale).Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head,σT,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning(see Section 2.3).[Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog-parallel to the print.

3.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine

Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy. Cross-Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.3, and are displayed inNordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inA4 Clear Plastic File Cover. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml, which all had significantly smaller,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE TubingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office. AsTexincreases,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men, leading to a stronger weld.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)Vexas shown inTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. The influence ofTexandVexDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price/or extrusion.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories)).165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock, respectively,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.

4 Conclusions

Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use-AM.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.

Acknowledgments

Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve][CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Metal Non-Metallic Materials Papers]