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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–Cheap Building Materials 18mm Concrete Shuttering Plywood Price] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.[China Module Solar Panel,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.[Caterpillar Truck Thermostat,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter-AM has not been reported.
Here,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding-FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.
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2.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)
DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price).Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The schematic shown inCustom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.
Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. (a)Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag. (b)High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.[S7 Screen Protector]Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, a small slit or pre-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets. Finally,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)(first tab)Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, cross-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment CartVex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTr90 Light Weight Colorful Sun Glasses Multi Color UV400 Cat Eye Fashion Sunglasses for Women. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A,σT,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine-parallel to the print.
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Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food. Cross-Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMini Commercial Snack Food Egg Hamburger Puff Pie Pancake Waffle Making Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals, which all had significantly smaller,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access ControlTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. AsTexincreases,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather, leading to a stronger weld.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for SaleVexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.
Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board/or extrusion.[ School]Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders)).Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block, respectively,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
4 Conclusions
API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station-AM.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.
Acknowledgments
Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
