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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Trailer Wheel–Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine–Rectangular Hollow Tube] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.[Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W–Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,Fiber Optic Enquipment,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.[Hans Fiber Laser,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag–Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.[Ru Porcelain Saucer Set,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets] However,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-AM has not been reported.
Here,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale-Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.
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2.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle
Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector(MakerBot IndustriesHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), with the extruder moving from left to right (Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine).Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price]IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. The schematic shown inSolar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.
Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. (a)Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips. (b)Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.[165033sk-Men′s Combed Cotton Dress Soft Socks]1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, a small slit or pre-Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z. Finally,3.7*60 Concrete Nails, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)(first tab)Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, cross-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)Vex.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windowsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in24W COB Downlight with Anti-Glare Design. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle,σT,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine(see Section 2.3).[OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc-parallel to the print.
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Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation. Cross-100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.3, and are displayed inOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inEssential Oil Bottle 10 Ml Amber Aroma Diffuser Bottle. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for KeyboardTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. AsTexincreases,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours, leading to a stronger weld.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg ChairVexas shown inHigh Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The influence ofTexandVexBig Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.
PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for WomenσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Stripwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale/or extrusion.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda)).Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System, respectively,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.
4 Conclusions
2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.10.4inch Industrial Tablet.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band-AM.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.
Acknowledgments
Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
