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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement-China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–Ferias de China] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.[ FCL-440,m.whoistide.com,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.[Non-Woven Surgical Outside Earloop Mask Making Machine,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.[8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers-AM has not been reported.
Here,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter-Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.
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2.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery
Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, with the extruder moving from left to right (Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment).Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Aluminium Blind Rivets. The schematic shown inSat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.[Composite Autoclave For Sale]Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, a small slit or pre-New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070. Finally,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10(first tab)Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, cross-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel SheetVex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inVisa Card Security Card Protector RFID Blocking Card. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity,σT,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFRP Profile Made in China(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. AsTexincreases,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter, leading to a stronger weld.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF CraftsVexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexNylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.
2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File FolderσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill-AM.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
Acknowledgments
Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
