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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series–Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm–Trolley Veterinary Semen Analyzer Workstation for Sale] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.[Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)–20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Metro Tunnel Segment Carrousel,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.[Fluffy Pencil Case,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery–Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)]33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.[Common Wire Coil Nail,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine] However,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge-AM has not been reported.
Here,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding-Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.
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Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(MakerBot IndustriesEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines).Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). The schematic shown inPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.
Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine. (a)Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. (b)Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.[Horse Stall Mats]OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, a small slit or pre-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m. Finally,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room(first tab)Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChurch LED Flameless Taper Candle.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price, cross-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water PipeVex.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSOFTWARE. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,σT,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arYANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit(see Section 2.3).[ 3ton]75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber ClothTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. AsTexincreases,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System., leading to a stronger weld.TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play StoreVexas shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The influence ofTexandVexLED Module 25W 3000K.
Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control HeadσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tiewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent/or extrusion.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder]Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine(Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting)).Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy, respectively,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
4 Conclusions
Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men-AM.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
