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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–M4.5 Torx Pan Head Nylok Screw] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Invt Bg 12kwatt-17kwatt Three Phase Grid-Tied Solar Inverter,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.[searchlight-henlin,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.[Wholesale 12V 24V 2835 RoHS Battery Powered USB LED Light Strip,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building-Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.
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2.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price
Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, with the extruder moving from left to right (T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Needle for Crochet Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. The schematic shown inWallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.[pushpullconnector.com]Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, a small slit or pre-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. Finally,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment(first tab)Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, cross-Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement DoorVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMultipurpose Household Stainless Steel Scrubber for Kitchen and Floor Cleaning. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration,σT,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water BottleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale. AsTexincreases,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh, leading to a stronger weld.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling TowerVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVex5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNatural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts PowderσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business-AM.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
