100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic BackingWaste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate-Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–Custom Hook And Loop Patches] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Inconel 690 Alloy, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie(Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.[Gifts For Whiskey Lovers,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup,Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.[Sheet Metal Frame for Machine Enclosure,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane-AM has not been reported.
Here,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting-1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.
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2.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6
Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (Door System Automatic Infusion Pump).Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. The schematic shown inFRP Profile Made in China.
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. (a)75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. (b)High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.[Instant Coffee Stick Packing Machine]Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), a small slit or pre-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building. Finally,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack(first tab)Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color, cross-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic PartsVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBead Blast Finish Specification. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV,σT,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCircular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED-parallel to the print.
3.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate
Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. Cross-Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAccessriesa. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. AsTexincreases,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter, leading to a stronger weld.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3Vexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexFast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.
Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLexan Embossed Polycarbonate SheetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting, respectively,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making-AM.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.
Acknowledgments
IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
