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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China–Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch–PU Leather Laundry List Holder with Metal Ring and Pockets] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.[10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Men′s Classic Hoodie–2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.[Galvanized Bar Grating,99%Min Sodium Bicarbonate,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.[adjustable leash and collar for dogs,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book–Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine]Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor,Amber Ceramic Glass.[Precision Stamping Part,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale] However,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer-Cable Protection Conduit.
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2.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality
French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(MakerBot IndustriesXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer).New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. The schematic shown inHot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.[Wide Application Rotary Water Well Drilling Rigs for Sale]Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, a small slit or pre-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine. Finally,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)(first tab)Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter, cross-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power PlugVex.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Netshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChemshun Ceramics Manufacturer Supply Alumina Balls as Mill Grinder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminium Spigot Lighting Truss).Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material,σT,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(see Section 2.3).[PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED PanelTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inLife Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). AsTexincreases,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass, leading to a stronger weld.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with BeltVexas shown inFeed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The influence ofTexandVexDouble Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex FilmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gownwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads-AM.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.
Acknowledgments
12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
