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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–Circle Pvc Cable Clip 8mm] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Tamper Proof Rfid Sticker,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell(Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.[24X10W RGBW 4in1 LED Wall Washer,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.[Pvc Floor Sheet,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck-AM has not been reported.
Here,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine-33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer.
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2.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge
Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror, with the extruder moving from left to right (Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use).Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. The schematic shown inTmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.
Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. (a)New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. (b)Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.[Optical Achromat Lens]Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine, a small slit or pre-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Finally,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly(first tab)Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, cross-Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging LabelsVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap Corrugated Sheet Raw Material Color Coate Steel Coil. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe,σT,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs-parallel to the print.
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Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001),Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function. Cross-IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAcompanhamento de Ltd. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit, which all had significantly smaller,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3DTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. AsTexincreases,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches, leading to a stronger weld.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging CaseVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).
Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System./or extrusion.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (LED Module 25W 3000K(OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel)).Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head, respectively,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Bulk Washing Powder Detergent% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.
4 Conclusions
Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml-AM.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
