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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Gd-11132 Liquid Petroleum Products Aromatic Hydrocarbon Tester ASTM D1319] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,Aluminum Corner Led Profile,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.[Modular Canister,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.[150Mbps Outdoor Wireless CPE Bridge 2.4G High Power Output (TS203F), HiFi Music TV] However,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory-AM has not been reported.
Here,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer-2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.
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Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, with the extruder moving from left to right (Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated).Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. The schematic shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.
Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby. (a)4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. (b)Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.[Ergonomic Design Chair]300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, a small slit or pre-Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door. Finally,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)(first tab)2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould, cross-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army TentVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in6063 Wooden Door and Window Frame Design Aluminum Profile. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine,σT,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler-parallel to the print.
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High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh. Cross-Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption, which all had significantly smaller,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203tσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture-AM.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
