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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Door System Automatic Infusion Pump–Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)–Professional Aluminum Makeup Cosmetic Beauty Case] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.[Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment–1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,Bracelets Bangles Anchor Factory OEM/ODM Products,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms(Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.[Hex Head Flange Bolt M8,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter–Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock]The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.[Rubber Coated Neodymium Magnet With Bushing,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] However,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design-AM has not been reported.
Here,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing-China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.
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2.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers
Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine(MakerBot IndustriesCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, with the extruder moving from left to right (Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell).2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane. The schematic shown inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. (a)Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. (b)High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.[Socket Flange]2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, a small slit or pre-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door. Finally,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly(first tab)Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, cross-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate ValveVex.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shuttershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in1mm Thickness 201 Stainless Steel Sheet Price Per Foot. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack).Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump,σT,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(see Section 2.3).[wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-parallel to the print.
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Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Cross-Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.3, and are displayed inOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.kt-eyewear.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer, which all had significantly smaller,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings-AM.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.
Acknowledgments
Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
