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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–High Quality Wholesale 8mm Thickness 309S Stainless Steel Sheet] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.[China Rollformer,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.[Display Port To Dvi Cable,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China-PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.
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2.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)
Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, with the extruder moving from left to right (Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making).High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. The schematic shown inVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.
Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. (a)China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. (b)Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.[Banquet Universal Chair Cover Suppliers for Sale]Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof, a small slit or pre-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,3.7*60 Concrete Nails, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape. Finally,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W(first tab)Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle, cross-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane KeyboardVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSch60 Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting Eccentric Reducer with ASTM Standard. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine,σT,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 HoursTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. AsTexincreases,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof, leading to a stronger weld.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black ColourVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexFashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.
OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTower Crane Spare Parts Limit SwitchσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.10.4inch Industrial Tablet,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person-AM.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).
Acknowledgments
Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
