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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Anodized 92510-2–Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building–Corrosion Protection Feature Pallet Rack Storage System] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.[Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks–IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.[Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,0.22 Micron Filter,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.[Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill–Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine]GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.[m.gilardinoflooring.com,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting] However,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material-1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.
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Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(MakerBot IndustriesBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube).2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). The schematic shown in8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. (a)36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass. (b)Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.[PPR/PVC Plastic Pipe Extruion Machine/Extrusion Unit/Extruder]G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, a small slit or pre-Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. Finally,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line(first tab)LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theComputerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, cross-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,Vex.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ringshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inComfortable Fitness Wear with Lycra / Polyester Material Sportswear. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket).7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing,σT,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(see Section 2.3).[Cable Protection Conduit]RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-parallel to the print.
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2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules. Cross-Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.3, and are displayed inGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.swinysteel.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket, which all had significantly smaller,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet InlayTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRacing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. AsTexincreases,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding CyclingVexas shown inIndustrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The influence ofTexandVexHot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.
8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From SupplierσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skatewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door/or extrusion.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook)).Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale, respectively,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.
4 Conclusions
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine-AM.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
