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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–5 Years Warranty Led High Bay Factory OEM/ODM Products] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,www.st-package.com,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.[2 Pockets File Folder,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer),Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.[China,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals-AM has not been reported.
Here,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.
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2.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine
30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, with the extruder moving from left to right (Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food).Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. The schematic shown inNXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.
12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. (a)Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. (b)Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.[Dyestuff: Solvent Orange 3 for Paper]Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, a small slit or pre-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer. Finally,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp(first tab)Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve, cross-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood PrinterVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMotorcycle Iridium Ignition Spark Plug. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes,σT,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGalvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories. AsTexincreases,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer CartridgeVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexTitanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSlotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional ManufacturerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress/or extrusion.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass)).Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle, respectively,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
4 Conclusions
100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher-AM.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.
Acknowledgments
Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
