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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB–High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H–AC Aquarium Water Pump for Gardens 12000lph Flow Displaying] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.[Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape–Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.[Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer,Intercooler,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.[LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct, Teflon Tube,Lotion Pump,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock–Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing]Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.[Custom Stamping,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool] However,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS-Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.
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Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler(MakerBot IndustriesSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light, with the extruder moving from left to right (48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System).Spacer CNC Machining Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. The schematic shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.
Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. (a)Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. (b)Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.[Cummins Piston Cooling Nozzle (3080708) From Xcec Engine]Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket, a small slit or pre-Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826. Finally,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles(first tab)Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, cross-Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead WireVex.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socketshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSelf Deploying Flood Defense Barrier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale).Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,σT,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(see Section 2.3).[Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Screw Single Compressor Water ChillerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. AsTexincreases,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump, leading to a stronger weld.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security CameraVexas shown inTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. The influence ofTexandVexPultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.Security Padlock.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag-AM.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.
Acknowledgments
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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