PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Palm Coated Gripping Safety Working Latex Gloves Rigger Safety Gloves] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,UL Approved PVC Insulated 13A Us Working Lamp Power Cord,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.[Durable Inflatable Flood Barrier,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.[Rubber Running Track Runway,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera-AM has not been reported.
Here,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames-Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.
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2. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs
Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness).The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. The schematic shown inSupermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.
Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. (a)Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. (b)Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.[China 94v-0 Metal Core Pcb]China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, a small slit or pre-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness. Finally,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing(first tab)Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, cross-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface TreatmentVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPromotion Gift Plastic Mini Animal Cat Set Toy for Kids. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,σT,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDiesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. Cross-Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTriangular Spline Ring Gauge. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar, which all had significantly smaller,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Amber Ceramic Glass.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement PlantTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. AsTexincreases,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy PadVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.
Cable Protection Conduit,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPsa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser CuttingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer/or extrusion.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants)).Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWomen High Waist Belly Control Pants, respectively,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
4 Conclusions
0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material-AM.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.
Acknowledgments
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
