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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural-Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water–Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level–Stainless Steel Crimped wire mesh] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.[Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway–Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.[Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),Auto Magnetic Speaker Assemblies,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera(Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.[Zebra Zxp Series 3 ID Card Printer,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder–Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag]Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.[Popular Gold Ore Equipment Coal Mining Cone Crusher Manufacturer,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press] However,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-AM has not been reported.
Here,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner-Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike.
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2.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels
Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(MakerBot IndustriesPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle).Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. The schematic shown inElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.
Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. (a)Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. (b)Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.[Acrylic Pendant Light Fixtures Modern]Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, a small slit or pre-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device. Finally,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling(first tab)Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, cross-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single UseVex.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Controlshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot Sale Male Boy Youth Man′s Thick 3in1 Warm Winter Coat. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.[ High Quality (DU650)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain).Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,σT,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(see Section 2.3).[Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-parallel to the print.
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Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651),Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush. Cross-Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.3, and are displayed inWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in47uh inductor fixed value. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book, which all had significantly smaller,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk QuiltTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUsed Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. AsTexincreases,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie, leading to a stronger weld.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD DisplayVexas shown inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. The influence ofTexandVexCommercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging LabelsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feedwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes/or extrusion.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V))).Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe, respectively,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.
4 Conclusions
Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit-AM.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.
Acknowledgments
Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
