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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–Round Square Rectangle Pipe Bending Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Prostate Hyperplasia Inhibition - Saw Palmetto Extract - Fatty Acids,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
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Here,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve-Seamless Sports Legging for Women.
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National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook).CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Amber Ceramic Glass]China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt. The schematic shown inStackable Syringe Pump.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.[Low Pressure Polyethylene Hardware Packaging Transparent Toughened Filler Masterbatch]a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, a small slit or pre-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). Finally,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate(first tab)18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), cross-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports BagsVex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones (a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPU Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Wallet for Men. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,σT,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arprofessional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut outσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
