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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory–Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal–Best Quality Tempered Glass Basketball Backboard Height Adjustable Basketball Hoop] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.[High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger– etc)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.[Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL,Plastic Center Pivot Irrigation System Center Pivot Sprinkler,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector]Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.[100X2500 CNC Hydraulic Tandem Press Brake Metal Plate Bender,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use–3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme]Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.[Adjustable Metal Organizer Shoes Rack Suppliers for Sale,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage] However,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-AM has not been reported.
Here,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2),for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4-2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.
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1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil(MakerBot IndustriesEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding, with the extruder moving from left to right (304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes).Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads]Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. The schematic shown inStainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. (a)LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts. (b)Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.[Waterproof and Durable Fiberglass Asphalt Roofing Shingles]Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), a small slit or pre-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price. Finally,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen(first tab)6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTop Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale, cross-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm PetVex.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Streetshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inExecutive Office Chair With Lumbar Support High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head).AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter,σT,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGarden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(see Section 2.3).[Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar. Cross-21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.3, and are displayed inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHousehold Collapsible Wire Shelving Racks for Apparels. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU, which all had significantly smaller,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer WearTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. AsTexincreases,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame, leading to a stronger weld.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with WheelsVexas shown inAluminium Blind Rivets. The influence ofTexandVexTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.
Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat FlooringσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank/or extrusion.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price)).Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals, respectively,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.
4 Conclusions
4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate-AM.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
