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Addit Manuf.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB
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Abstract

Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment–Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules–Woman Fashion Double Round Pearl Earrings Jewelry] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.[Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085–E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),Gym Equipment Power Cage,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.[Hlt Lift Hopper Mixing Equipment for Chemical/Food/Pharmaceutical Dry Powder,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process–Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter]European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.[Digital Biological Microscope, Coating (A8011] However,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-AM has not been reported.

Here,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam-Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.

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2.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp

Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(MakerBot IndustriesPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding, with the extruder moving from left to right (11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A).Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia. The schematic shown inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. (a)OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide. (b)High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.[m.tiger-water-filter.com]Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, a small slit or pre-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. Finally,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing(first tab)Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLong Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, cross-Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar PowderVex.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagersshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBest Price PVC Shed Laminated and Coated Tarpaulin for Shelters. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInfitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth).Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve,σT,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGalvanized Bar Grating(see Section 2.3).[FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.Forging Metal Building Parts-parallel to the print.

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Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6),Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox. Cross-Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.3, and are displayed inGbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPA/PE Lidding Film for Food Packaging. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv, which all had significantly smaller,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce ApprovalTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal. AsTexincreases,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector, leading to a stronger weld.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow RibbonVexas shown inSodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. The influence ofTexandVexSchedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different ColorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Maskwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof/or extrusion.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(Spacer CNC Machining Parts)).Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine, respectively,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.

4 Conclusions

Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design-AM.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.

Acknowledgments

Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump][ RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor][Led Screen Outdoor]