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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger-Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–PPGI PPGL Color Coated Pre-Painted Stainless Galvanized Steel Sheets in Coils.] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Custom Blow Mold,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.[D35mm Eco Friendly Foundation Tubes Pbl Plastic Packaging,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB–8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting]Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.[Toddler Chair,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone] However,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank-Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.
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2.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray
Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, with the extruder moving from left to right (Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture).EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)color coated aluminum coil manufacturers, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Amber Ceramic Glass]3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip. The schematic shown inWatermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.
Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. (a)Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. (b)40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.[Gear Pump Spare Parts]Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, a small slit or pre-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor. Finally,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)(first tab)Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, cross-10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging MachineVex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,σT,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding-parallel to the print.
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Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. Cross-Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.3, and are displayed inDouble Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAir Cooling Pump Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer, which all had significantly smaller,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with ShutterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. AsTexincreases,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with SlideVexas shown inTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. The influence ofTexandVexOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.
FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCa Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher AfoσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGBwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price/or extrusion.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75)).Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom, respectively,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.
4 Conclusions
Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This measurement technique is a straightforward,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine-AM.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.
Acknowledgments
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
