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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp-Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–Side Entry 6p Rj11 Connector] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,Copper Fin Tube Radiator,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.[Tungsten Carbide Rods with High Strength,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.[Airline Disposable Polyester Sleeping Eye Mask Shade,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China-AM has not been reported.
Here,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes-Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.
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2.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting
Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), with the extruder moving from left to right (Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)).Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm. The schematic shown in3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.
Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration. (a)V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle. (b)Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.[Frosted Glass Dropper Bottle]Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, a small slit or pre-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress. Finally,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China(first tab)Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component, cross-Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic BottleVex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inShopping Online Printed Customized Fluorescent Packing Plastic Poly Bag. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,σT,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWomen Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck-parallel to the print.
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All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light. Cross-Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.3, and are displayed inSinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Quality Waterproof Spc Vinyl Plank for Indoor Flooring. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine, which all had significantly smaller,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single UseTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House. AsTexincreases,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding, leading to a stronger weld.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for RestaurantVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.
Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen CabinetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe-Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor, respectively,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt-AM.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.
Acknowledgments
Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
