Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing StripAbrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Aluminium Blind Rivets–Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre–3 Inch Concrete Pumping Hose Supplier Best-Selling] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.[Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel–30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.[Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,Sublimation 3d Phone Case,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.[Bugles Snack Production Line,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860),Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House–Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment]Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.[Agenda Note Book With Own Logo Supplier Best-Selling,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee] However,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-AM has not been reported.
Here,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support-Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.
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2.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product
Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(MakerBot IndustriesSeamless Sports Legging for Women, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock).Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). The schematic shown inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. (a)63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. (b)Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.[m.nq-chem.com]Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, a small slit or pre-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter. Finally,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves(first tab)Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, cross-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric GeneratorVex.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMicro Usb To Vga. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material), IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inChina Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation).Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater,σT,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arIndustry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(see Section 2.3).[Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup-parallel to the print.
3.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector
Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Cross-Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.3, and are displayed inMulti Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown ininsharevape.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer, which all had significantly smaller,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). AsTexincreases,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector, leading to a stronger weld.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes BoxVexas shown inWater Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. The influence ofTexandVexDIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.
Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring HarnessσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mountswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD/or extrusion.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W)).North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet, respectively,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders.
4 Conclusions
Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping-AM.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
