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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Aluminium Blind Rivets–Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre–Pre Painted Galvalume Steel Coil (PPGL] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.[Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel–30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.[Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,E Light Ipl Rf Beauty Equipment,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).[Section Bending Machine Pipe Profile Bending Machine,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860),Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House–Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment]Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.[Mill Test Certificate for 40X40X4 Ms Gi Mild Equan and Unequal Steel Angle Bar Prices,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee] However,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse-AM has not been reported.
Here,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China-Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.
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professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(MakerBot IndustriesSeamless Sports Legging for Women, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, with the extruder moving from left to right (1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person).Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. The schematic shown in2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).[Slide Switch Toggle Switch Voltage Switch]Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry. Finally,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts(first tab)Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, cross-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air CleanerVex.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWaterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inChina Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation).Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children,σT,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFamily Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer(see Section 2.3).[Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating-parallel to the print.
3.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter
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Representative cross-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mountswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate-Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine-AM.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.
Acknowledgments
Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
