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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display–Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099–Flmodafinil Vs Modafinil] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.[Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding–Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.[Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely,Girls Blouse With Bowknot,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(Aluminium Blind Rivets) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.[LED Stadium Light High-Mast Outdoor Lighting SMD Sport Lamp Playground Gym Square Football Basketball 300W,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box–Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags]China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).[Stainless Steel Ball Bearing for Mechanical Transmission,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline] However,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate-AM has not been reported.
Here,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie-Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.[Commercial Air Conditioning Water Cooled Modular Chiller]2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, a small slit or pre-FRP Profile Made in China. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. Finally,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe(first tab)10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCOB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), cross-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure BuildingVex.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glassshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.zetindental.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProject Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED).Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder,σT,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts:
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Representative cross-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and VegetablesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Liftwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
