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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Aluminium Blind Rivets–Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre–Full Spectrum Led Grow Light Bar] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.[Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel–30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.[Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,Black Garlic Dehydrator,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.[Tw Elegant Fancy Design Salon Reception Counter Parlour Front Desk (TW-PART-144),18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860),Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House–Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment]Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.[Low Speed Refrigerated Centrifuge Ctg-Flr6 6000rpm 1000ml 6 Tube,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee] However,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM has not been reported.
Here,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)-for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.
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2.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets
Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer(MakerBot IndustriesSeamless Sports Legging for Women, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E, with the extruder moving from left to right (1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil).China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. The schematic shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. (a)Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter. (b)Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.[Turmeric Curcumin]FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, a small slit or pre-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Finally,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip(first tab)Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, cross-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen HolderVex.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGraphite Powder Lowes. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inChina Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation).Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,σT,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter(see Section 2.3).[Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory-parallel to the print.
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Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat. Cross-High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.3, and are displayed inMulti Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inNew Type Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Nuts. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar, which all had significantly smaller,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature ProbeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). AsTexincreases,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear, leading to a stronger weld.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western MinmetalsVexas shown inWater Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. The influence ofTexandVexPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.
Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5AσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mountswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt/or extrusion.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W)).Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food, respectively,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders.
4 Conclusions
Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather-AM.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.
Acknowledgments
Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
