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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment–Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules–Alumina Spheres Ceramic Inert Balls as Catalyst Support/Covering] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.[Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085–E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),Decorative Board/High Pressure Laminates/Building Material/HPL,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.[Professional Hot Sale Economic Manufacturer High Quality FRP Pultrusion Machine,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process–Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter]Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.[Insulating Glass Aluminum Spacer Bending Machine, Coating (A8011] However,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8-EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.
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2.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater
Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)(MakerBot IndustriesPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge, with the extruder moving from left to right (70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4).2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. The schematic shown inStainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. (a)Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. (b)Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.[Professional Tennis Ball Machine]Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, a small slit or pre-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding. Finally,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)(first tab)DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLong Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip, cross-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap CustomVex.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagersshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSteel Square Tube With Holes. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInfitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth).Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag,σT,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(see Section 2.3).[FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower-parallel to the print.
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Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets. Cross-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.3, and are displayed inGbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMermaid Makeup Brushes Set. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding, which all had significantly smaller,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer WearσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Maskwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A/or extrusion.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(Spacer CNC Machining Parts)).Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt, respectively,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.
4 Conclusions
Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine-AM.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.
Acknowledgments
12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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