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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment–Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules–Pet Bath Brush] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.[Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085–E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),Easy Tear Pvc Tape,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.[Epe Foamed Sheet Extrusion Line,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process–Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter]Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.[cement kiln bricks, Coating (A8011] However,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery-AM has not been reported.
Here,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool-Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.
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Custom G-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. The schematic shown inLGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.[Concrete Additives PP Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement with Stable Quality From Factory]API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve, a small slit or pre-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer. Finally,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China(first tab)Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLong Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, cross-FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine BoltVex.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagersshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFoot Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInfitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth).Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline,σT,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer(see Section 2.3).[FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam MattressTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. AsTexincreases,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat, leading to a stronger weld.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in ChinaVexas shown inSodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. The influence ofTexandVexCosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood MakingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Maskwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component-Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle/or extrusion.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(Spacer CNC Machining Parts)).Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher, respectively,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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