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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–30w Cob Led Track Light Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Baby Rubber Gumboots,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.[China Container Skeleton Trucktrailer,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.[Mini Harvester---Semi-Feeding Caterpillar Self-Propelled Rice Combine Harvester,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines-45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.
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Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I), with the extruder moving from left to right (8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle).Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. The schematic shown inCustom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. (a)Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. (b)FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.[Simple Leather Strap Lady Watch Two Hands Watches for Girls Wholesales]Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, a small slit or pre-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. Finally,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer(first tab)Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, cross-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular TubingVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f2.jpg)
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAnimal Tissue Slide Factory OEM/ODM Products. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules,σT,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arIsolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane-parallel to the print.
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1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay. Cross-Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.3, and are displayed in Teflon Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCriss Cross Back Gym Tops All Over Printing Running Sports Bra with Elastic Band. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Representative cross-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for HondaTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. AsTexincreases,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door, leading to a stronger weld.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / OfficeVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexToray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f5.jpg)
Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder WholesaleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. This measurement technique is a straightforward,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage-AM.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.