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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-Security Padlock.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–building hoist reducer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,RA97,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.[Sheet Metal Duct Fabrication,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.[Wholesale Square Marasca Glass Bottle Olive Oil Bottle,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,Seamless Sports Legging for Women-AM has not been reported.
Here,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook-CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.
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Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil, with the extruder moving from left to right (OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool).Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stackable Syringe Pump, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. The schematic shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.[Newest Bioplasm Nls Body Composition Health Analyzer]Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, a small slit or pre-18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine. Finally,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre(first tab)ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones , cross-Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in ChinaVex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in90% Polyester 10% Spandex Yoga Pants Wholesale High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube,σT,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSemi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight-parallel to the print.
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Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. Cross-Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.3, and are displayed inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in20 Pin Waterproof Connector Factory & Manufacturer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep, which all had significantly smaller,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut outTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. AsTexincreases,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry, leading to a stronger weld.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for SaleVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVexCNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.
Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPublic Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign-AM.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.
Acknowledgments
Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
