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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–8 Port Managed Switch High Quality Supplier] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Hospital Furniture And Equipment,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.[Squeeze Hose Quality Micro Peristaltic Pump,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.[(WJ-LKX-12) Case (Carton,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine-Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.
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2.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)
Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book).Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. The schematic shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.
Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. (a)Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. (b)Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.[120ml Plastic Dropper Bottle Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price, a small slit or pre-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe. Finally,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross(first tab)Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001), cross-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket KitVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOrganic Cotton Fabric Hoodies. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches,σT,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book-parallel to the print.
3.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth
High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.. Cross-TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Fingerprint Serial. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,LED Module 25W 3000K, which all had significantly smaller,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Bulk Washing Powder DetergentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. AsTexincreases,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor DrainVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVex25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.
Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300mlσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. This measurement technique is a straightforward,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose-AM.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
