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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–Sap-303 Glass Bottle Rotary Screen Printing Machine Manufacturer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Laser Cutting Machine For Label,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.[Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.[China Wood Milling Cutter,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows-Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.
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2.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags
Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, with the extruder moving from left to right (Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019).Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. The schematic shown in63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.
Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. (a)Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc. (b)5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.[Metal Lathe Parts Sale]Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, a small slit or pre-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children. Finally,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine(first tab)Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, cross-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling MachineVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLw Horizontal Continuous Decanter Centrifuge. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness,σT,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-parallel to the print.
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Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer. Cross-Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMetal Vase for Decoration Tabletop. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living, which all had significantly smaller,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin ConnectorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. AsTexincreases,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools, leading to a stronger weld.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy DeviceVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.
Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel FabricationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+/or extrusion.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel)).Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment, respectively,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.
4 Conclusions
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7-AM.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
